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<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-install-cl.html#download-the-latest-cl-installer-iso">Download the latest Clear Linux OS installer ISO</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-install-cl.html#upload-the-cl-installer-iso-to-the-vmware-server">Upload the Clear Linux OS installer ISO to the VMware server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-install-cl.html#create-and-configure-a-new-vm">Create and configure a new VM</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-install-cl.html#install-cl-into-the-new-vm">Install Clear Linux OS into the new VM</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-install-cl.html#reconfigure-the-vm-s-settings-to-boot-the-newly-installed-cl">Reconfigure the VM’s settings to boot the newly-installed Clear Linux OS</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-install-cl.html#power-on-the-vm-and-boot-cl">Power on the VM and boot Clear Linux OS</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-preconfigured-cl-image.html">Run preconfigured Clear Linux* OS image as a VMware* ESXi guest OS</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-preconfigured-cl-image.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-preconfigured-cl-image.html#download-the-latest-cl-vmware-image">Download the latest Clear Linux OS VMware image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-preconfigured-cl-image.html#upload-the-cl-image-to-the-vmware-server">Upload the Clear Linux OS image to the VMware server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-preconfigured-cl-image.html#convert-the-cl-image-to-an-esxi-supported-format">Convert the Clear Linux OS image to an ESXi-supported format</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-preconfigured-cl-image.html#create-and-configure-a-new-vm">Create and configure a new VM</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-preconfigured-cl-image.html#power-on-the-vm-and-boot-cl">Power on the VM and boot Clear Linux OS</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../get-started/virtual-machine-install/vmware-esxi-preconfigured-cl-image.html#related-topics">Related topics</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/increase-virtual-disk-size.html">Increase virtual disk size of an image</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/increase-virtual-disk-size.html#determine-the-partition-order-and-sizes-of-the-prebuilt-image">Determine the partition order and sizes of the prebuilt image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/increase-virtual-disk-size.html#id1">Increase virtual disk size</a></li>
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</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/ister.html">ister.py image builder</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/ister.html#description">Description</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/ister.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/ister.html#related-topics">Related topics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/mixer.html">mixer</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/mixer.html#description">Description</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/mixer.html#how-it-works">How it works</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/mixer.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/mixer.html#references">References</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/mixer.html#related-topics">Related topics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/security.html">OS Security</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/security.html#security-in-updates">Security in updates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/security.html#security-in-software">Security in software</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/security.html#security-in-system-design">Security in system design</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/stateless.html">Stateless</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/stateless.html#file-level-separation">File-level separation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/stateless.html#software-configuration">Software configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/stateless.html#system-reset">System reset</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/stateless.html#additional-information">Additional information</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/swupd-guide.html">swupd</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/swupd-guide.html#description">Description</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/swupd-guide.html#how-it-works">How it works</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/swupd-guide.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/swupd-guide.html#quick-reference">Quick reference</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../clear/swupd-guide.html#related-topics">Related topics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../telemetrics/telem-guide.html">Telemetrics</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../telemetrics/telem-guide.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../telemetrics/telem-guide.html#how-to-use">How to use</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../telemetrics/telem-guide.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../telemetrics/telem-guide.html#reference">Reference</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../guides.html#maintenance">Maintenance</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/architect-lifecycle.html">Architect the life-cycle of Clear Linux* OS</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/architect-lifecycle.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/architect-lifecycle.html#description">Description</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/architect-lifecycle.html#content-workflow">Content Workflow</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/architect-lifecycle.html#release-workflow">Release Workflow</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/architect-lifecycle.html#implementation">Implementation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/assign-static-ip.html">Assign a static IP address</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/assign-static-ip.html#identify-which-program-is-managing-the-interface">Identify which program is managing the interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/assign-static-ip.html#using-networkmanager">Using NetworkManager</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/assign-static-ip.html#using-systemd-networkd">Using systemd-networkd</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/bulk-provision.html">Bulk provision</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/bulk-provision.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/bulk-provision.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/bulk-provision.html#configuration">Configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/cpu-performance.html">CPU Power and Performance</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/cpu-performance.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/cpu-performance.html#cpu-power-saving-mechanisms">CPU power saving mechanisms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/cpu-performance.html#linux-cpu-clock-frequency-scaling">Linux CPU clock frequency scaling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/cpu-performance.html#thermal-management">Thermal management</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/developer-workstation.html">Developer Workstation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/developer-workstation.html#workstation-setup">Workstation Setup</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/developer-workstation.html#swupd-search">swupd search</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/developer-workstation.html#core-concepts">Core Concepts</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/download-verify-decompress.html">Download, verify, and decompress a Clear Linux* OS image</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/download-verify-decompress.html#linux-os-steps">Linux OS steps</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/download-verify-decompress.html#macos-steps">macOS* steps</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/download-verify-decompress.html#windows-os-steps">Windows* OS steps</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/download-verify-decompress.html#image-types">Image types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/enable-user-space.html">Create and enable a new user space</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/enable-user-space.html#create-a-new-user">Create a new user</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/enable-user-space.html#add-the-new-user-to-the-wheel-group">Add the new user to the <em>wheel</em> group</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/enable-user-space.html#install-and-update-the-os-software-to-its-current-version">Install and update the OS software to its current version</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/enable-user-space.html#add-a-bundle">Add a bundle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/enable-user-space.html#next-steps">Next steps</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/fix-broken-install.html">Fix a broken installation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/fix-broken-install.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/fix-broken-install.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/fix-broken-install.html#boot-a-live-desktop-image-to-fix-target-system">Boot a live desktop image to fix target system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/fix-broken-install.html#install-from-live-image">Install from live image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/fix-broken-install.html#mount-root-partition-verify-and-fix">Mount root partition, verify, and fix</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/hostname.html">Modify hostname</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/hostname.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/hostname.html#set-your-hostname">Set your hostname</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/hostname.html#view-your-hostname">View your hostname</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/increase-virtual-disk-size.html">Increase virtual disk size of an image</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/increase-virtual-disk-size.html#determine-the-partition-order-and-sizes-of-the-prebuilt-image">Determine the partition order and sizes of the prebuilt image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/increase-virtual-disk-size.html#id1">Increase virtual disk size</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/query-upstream.html">Query package info from upstream repository</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/query-upstream.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/query-upstream.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/query-upstream.html#configure-dnf">Configure DNF</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/query-upstream.html#dnf-command-usage-examples">DNF command usage examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/resource-limits.html">Resource limits</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/resource-limits.html#system-wide-limits">System-wide limits</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/resource-limits.html#per-user-limits">Per-user limits</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/resource-limits.html#service-limits">Service limits</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/restart.html">Restart system services after an OS update</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/restart.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/restart.html#how-it-works">How it works</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/restart.html#basic-options">Basic options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/restart.html#monitor-options">Monitor options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/restart.html#example">Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/restart.html#telemetry">Telemetry</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/restart.html#conclusion">Conclusion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/time.html">Set the time</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/validate-signatures.html">Validate signatures</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/validate-signatures.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/validate-signatures.html#image-content-validation">Image content validation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../maintenance/validate-signatures.html#update-content-validation">Update content validation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../deploy-at-scale.html">Deploy at Scale</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../deploy-at-scale.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../deploy-at-scale.html#pick-a-usage-and-update-strategy">Pick a usage and update strategy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../deploy-at-scale.html#pick-an-image-distribution-strategy">Pick an image distribution strategy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../deploy-at-scale.html#considerations-with-stateless-systems">Considerations with stateless systems</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../guides.html#network">Network</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/custom-clear-container.html">Build a custom Clear Linux* OS based Docker container image</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/custom-clear-container.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/custom-clear-container.html#build-the-base-container-image">Build the base container image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/custom-clear-container.html#manage-bundles-in-a-container">Manage bundles in a container</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/dpdk.html">Use DPDK to send packets between platforms</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/dpdk.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/dpdk.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/dpdk.html#install-dpdk-and-build-l3fwd-example-platform-b">Install dpdk and build l3fwd example (Platform B)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/dpdk.html#build-pktgen-platform-a">Build pktgen (Platform A)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/dpdk.html#bind-nics-to-dpdk-kernel-drivers-platforms-a-and-b">Bind NICs to DPDK kernel drivers (Platforms A and B)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/dpdk.html#set-hugepages-platforms-a-and-b">Set hugepages (Platforms A and B)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/dpdk.html#set-up-the-physical-environment-platforms-a-and-b">Set up the physical environment (Platforms A and B)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/dpdk.html#run-l3fwd-application-platform-b">Run l3fwd application (Platform B)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/dpdk.html#run-pktgen-application-platform-a">Run pktgen application (Platform A)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/dpdk.html#appendix-a-use-pass-through-for-virtual-machines">Appendix A: Use pass-through for virtual machines</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/ipxe-install.html">Install over the network with iPXE</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/ipxe-install.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/ipxe-install.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/ipxe-install.html#configuration">Configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/network-bonding.html">Combine multiple interfaces with network bonding</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/vnc.html">Remote-desktop to a host using VNC</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/vnc.html#install-the-vnc-server-and-misc-components-on-your-host">Install the VNC server and misc. components on your host</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/vnc.html#configure-a-vnc-server-start-method-on-your-host">Configure a VNC-server-start method on your host</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/vnc.html#install-a-vnc-viewer-app-and-an-ssh-client-on-your-client-system">Install a VNC viewer app and an SSH client on your client system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/vnc.html#establish-a-vnc-connection-to-your-host">Establish a VNC connection to your host</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/vnc.html#terminate-a-vnc-connection-to-your-host">Terminate a VNC connection to your host</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../network/vnc.html#encrypt-vnc-traffic-through-an-ssh-tunnel">Encrypt VNC traffic through an SSH tunnel</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="../guides.html#kernel">Kernel</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-development.html">Kernel development</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-development.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-development.html#request-changes-be-included-with-the-cl-kernel">Request changes be included with the Clear Linux OS kernel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-development.html#set-up-kernel-development-environment">Set up kernel development environment</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-development.html#customize-the-linux-kernel-source">Customize the Linux kernel source</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-development.html#build-and-install-the-kernel">Build and install the kernel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-development.html#related-topics">Related topics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-modules.html">Add kernel modules manually</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-modules.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-modules.html#description">Description</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-modules.html#kernel-module-availability">Kernel module availability</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-modules.html#build-install-and-load-an-out-of-tree-module">Build, install, and load an out-of-tree module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-modules.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="kernel-modules.html#related-topic">Related topic</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Add kernel modules with DKMS</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#description">Description</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#kernel-module-availability">Kernel module availability</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#install-dkms">Install DKMS</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#build-install-and-load-an-out-of-tree-module">Build, install, and load an out-of-tree module</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#related-topics">Related topics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../guides.html#stacks">Stacks</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/dars.html">Data Analytics Reference Stack</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/dars.html#the-data-analytics-reference-stack-release">The Data Analytics Reference Stack release</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/dars.html#using-the-docker-images">Using the Docker images</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/dars.html#building-dars-images">Building DARS images</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/greengrass.html">Enable AWS Greengrass* and OpenVINO™ toolkit</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/greengrass.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/greengrass.html#supported-platforms">Supported platforms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/greengrass.html#install-the-os-on-the-edge-device">Install the OS on the edge device</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/greengrass.html#configure-aws-greengrass-group">Configure AWS Greengrass group</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/greengrass.html#create-and-package-lambda-function">Create and package Lambda function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/greengrass.html#configure-lambda-function">Configure Lambda function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/greengrass.html#deploy-lambda-function">Deploy Lambda function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/greengrass.html#references">References</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/dlrs/dlrs.html">Deep Learning Reference Stack</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/dlrs/dlrs.html#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/dlrs/dlrs.html#tensorflow-single-and-multi-node-benchmarks">TensorFlow single and multi-node benchmarks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/dlrs/dlrs.html#pytorch-single-and-multi-node-benchmarks">PyTorch single and multi-node benchmarks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/dlrs/dlrs.html#kubeflow-multi-node-benchmarks">Kubeflow multi-node benchmarks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/dlrs/dlrs.html#use-jupyter-notebook">Use Jupyter Notebook</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/dlrs/dlrs.html#uninstallation">Uninstallation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../stacks/dlrs/dlrs.html#related-topics">Related topics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/tutorials.html">Tutorials</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/wordpress/wordpress.html">WordPress* on Clear Linux* OS</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/wordpress/web-server-install.html">Set up a LAMP web server on Clear Linux* OS</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/wordpress/web-server-install.html#install-apache">Install Apache</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/wordpress/web-server-install.html#change-the-default-configuration-and-data-directory">Change the default configuration and data directory</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/wordpress/web-server-install.html#install-php">Install PHP</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/wordpress/web-server-install.html#install-mariadb">Install MariaDB</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/wordpress/web-server-install.html#install-phpmyadmin">Install phpMyAdmin</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/wordpress/web-server-install.html#use-phpmyadmin-to-manage-a-database">Use phpMyAdmin to manage a database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/wordpress/web-server-install.html#next-steps">Next steps</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/wordpress/wp-install.html">Set up WordPress* on a LAMP web server</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/wordpress/wp-install.html#before-you-begin">Before you begin</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/wordpress/wp-install.html#create-a-wordpress-server">Create a WordPress server</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/flatpak/flatpak.html">Use Flatpak* to install applications on Clear Linux* OS</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/flatpak/flatpak.html#before-you-begin">Before you begin</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/flatpak/flatpak.html#install-flatpak-on-your-host-system">Install Flatpak on your host system</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/flatpak/flatpak.html#install-and-run-the-libreoffice-flatpak-image">Install and run the LibreOffice Flatpak image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/flatpak/flatpak.html#launch-libreoffice">Launch LibreOffice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/machine-learning/machine-learning.html">TensorFlow* machine learning on Clear Linux* OS</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/machine-learning/machine-learning.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/machine-learning/machine-learning.html#set-up-a-jupyter-notebook">Set up a Jupyter notebook</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/machine-learning/machine-learning.html#run-the-jupyter-machine-learning-example-code">Run the Jupyter machine learning example code</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/machine-learning/machine-learning.html#related-topics">Related topics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/docker/docker.html">Run Docker* on Clear Linux* OS</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/docker/docker.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/docker/docker.html#install-the-containers-basic-bundle">Install the containers-basic bundle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/docker/docker.html#integration-with-kata-containers-optional">Integration with Kata Containers* (optional)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/docker/docker.html#additional-docker-configuration">Additional Docker configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/docker/docker.html#pulling-and-running-an-image-from-docker-hub">Pulling and running an image from Docker Hub</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/docker/docker.html#creating-a-docker-swarm-cluster">Creating a Docker swarm cluster</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/docker/docker.html#related-topics">Related topics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/azure.html">Run Clear Linux* OS using Microsoft Azure CLI 2.0</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/azure.html#install-ms-azure-cli-2-0-on-cl">Install MS Azure CLI 2.0 on Clear Linux OS</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/azure.html#log-into-your-microsoft-azure-account">Log into your Microsoft Azure account</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/azure.html#create-a-ms-azure-resource-group">Create a MS Azure resource group</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/azure.html#create-and-log-into-the-cl-virtual-machine">Create and log into the Clear Linux OS virtual machine</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/azure.html#stop-and-deallocate-the-cl-vm-and-resources">Stop and deallocate the Clear Linux OS VM and resources</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/azure.html#next-steps">Next steps</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/hadoop.html">Set up a single node cluster with Hadoop*</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/hadoop.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/hadoop.html#install-apache-hadoop">Install Apache Hadoop</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/hadoop.html#configure-apache-hadoop">Configure Apache Hadoop</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/hadoop.html#configure-your-ssh-key">Configure your SSH key</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/hadoop.html#run-the-hadoop-daemons">Run the Hadoop daemons</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/hadoop.html#run-the-mapreduce-wordcount-example">Run the MapReduce wordcount example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/fmv.html">Use the function multi-version patch generator</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/fmv.html#install-and-configure-a-cl-host-on-bare-metal">Install and configure a Clear Linux OS host on bare metal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/fmv.html#detect-loop-vectorization-candidates">Detect loop vectorization candidates</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/fmv.html#generate-the-fmv-patch">Generate the FMV patch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/fmv.html#fft-project-example-using-fftw">FFT project example using FFTW</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/aws-web/aws-web.html">Create and launch Clear Linux* OS from Amazon Web Services</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/aws-web/aws-web.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/aws-web/aws-web.html#locate-select-and-launch-the-cl-basic-ami">Locate, select, and launch the Clear Linux OS Basic AMI</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/aws-web/aws-web.html#connect-to-your-clear-linux-os-basic-instance">Connect to your Clear Linux OS Basic instance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/aws-web/aws-web.html#update-the-cl-instance">Update the Clear Linux OS instance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/aws-web/aws-web.html#stop-the-cl-instance">Stop the Clear Linux OS instance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/smb/smb.html">Enable simple file sharing with a Windows* machine using Samba*</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/smb/smb.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/smb/smb.html#set-up-file-sharing">Set up file sharing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/smb/smb.html#map-cl-drive-in-windows">Map Clear Linux OS drive in Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/smb/smb-desktop.html">Connect to Windows* shared location from Clear Linux* OS desktop</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/smb/smb-desktop.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/smb/smb-desktop.html#connect-to-windows-shared-location-with-nautilus">Connect to Windows shared location with Nautilus</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/spark.html">Set up a standalone cluster system using Apache* Spark*</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/spark.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/spark.html#install-apache-spark">Install Apache Spark</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/spark.html#configure-apache-spark">Configure Apache Spark</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/spark.html#start-the-master-server-and-a-worker-daemon">Start the master server and a worker daemon</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/spark.html#run-the-spark-wordcount-example">Run the Spark wordcount example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kata.html">Install Kata Containers*</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kata.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kata.html#id1">Install Kata Containers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kata.html#run-kata-containers">Run Kata Containers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kata.html#more-information-about-docker">More information about Docker</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kata.html#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kata_migration.html">Migrate Clear Containers to Kata Containers*</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kata_migration.html#stop-clear-containers-instances">Stop Clear Containers instances</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kata_migration.html#manually-migrate-customized-configuration-files">Manually migrate customized configuration files</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kata_migration.html#enable-kata-containers-as-default">Enable Kata Containers as default</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kata_migration.html#run-kata-containers">Run Kata Containers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html">Run Kubernetes*</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html#install-kubernetes-and-cri-runtimes">Install Kubernetes and CRI runtimes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html#configure-kubernetes">Configure Kubernetes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html#configure-and-run-kubernetes">Configure and run Kubernetes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html#configure-and-run-cri-o-kata-runtime">Configure and run CRI-O + kata-runtime</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html#install-pod-network-add-on">Install pod network add-on</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html#use-your-cluster">Use your cluster</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html#related-topics">Related topics</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html#cloud-native-setup-automation-optional">Cloud native setup automation (optional)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html#package-configuration-customization-optional">Package configuration customization (optional)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html#proxy-configuration-optional">Proxy configuration (optional)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html#next-steps">Next steps</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes.html#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes-bp.html">Kubernetes Best Practices on Clear Linux OS</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes-bp.html#use-swupd-to-update-clusters">Use swupd to update clusters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes-bp.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes-bp.html#update-the-control-plane">Update the control plane</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/kubernetes/kubernetes-bp.html#update-worker-nodes">Update worker nodes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/yubikey-u2f.html">Enable YubiKey U2F Support</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/yubikey-u2f.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/yubikey-u2f.html#enable-linux-udev-rules-for-yubikey">Enable Linux udev rules for YubiKey</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/yubikey-u2f.html#enable-u2f-in-mozilla-firefox">Enable U2F in Mozilla Firefox</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/yubikey-u2f.html#related-topics">Related topics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/nvidia.html">Install NVIDIA* Drivers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/nvidia.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/nvidia.html#install-dkms">Install DKMS</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/nvidia.html#download-and-install-the-nvidia-drivers">Download and install the NVIDIA drivers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/nvidia.html#download-the-nvidia-drivers-for-linux">Download the NVIDIA drivers for Linux</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/nvidia.html#disable-the-nouveau-driver">Disable the nouveau driver</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/nvidia.html#configure-alternative-software-paths">Configure alternative software paths</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/nvidia.html#install-the-nvidia-drivers">Install the NVIDIA drivers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/nvidia.html#updating-the-nvidia-drivers">Updating the NVIDIA drivers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/nvidia.html#uninstalling-the-nvidia-drivers">Uninstalling the NVIDIA drivers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/nvidia.html#debugging-installation-of-nvidia-drivers">Debugging installation of NVIDIA drivers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/nvidia.html#additional-resources">Additional resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/redis.html">Run Redis on Clear Linux* OS</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/redis.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/redis.html#install-the-redis-bundle">Install the redis bundle</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/redis.html#start-the-redis-server">Start the redis-server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/redis.html#example-1-use-the-redis-cli-and-try-commands">Example 1: Use the redis-cli and try commands</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/redis.html#example-2-run-the-cl-redis-docker-image">Example 2: Run the Clear Linux OS redis docker image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/redis.html#next-steps">Next Steps</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/tutorial-proxy.html">Setting up proxy</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/tutorial-proxy.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/tutorial-proxy.html#shells-and-programs-in-a-desktop-session">Shells and programs in a desktop session</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/tutorial-proxy.html#terminal">Terminal</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/tutorial-proxy.html#wget">wget</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/tutorial-proxy.html#system-service-docker">System service (Docker)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../tutorials/tutorial-proxy.html#git-over-ssh">git over ssh</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/reference.html">Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/compatible-hardware.html">Compatible Hardware</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/bundle-commands.html">Useful bundle commands</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/bundle-commands.html#additional-information">Additional information</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/bundles/bundles.html">Available bundles</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/bundles/bundles.html#bundle-list">Bundle list</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/bundles/openssh-server.html">openssh-server</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/bundles/openssh-server.html#prerequisites">Prerequisites</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/bundles/openssh-server.html#change-default-port">Change default port</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/bundles/openssh-server.html#enable-sftp">Enable SFTP</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/bundles/openssh-server.html#enable-root-login">Enable root login</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/bundles/openssh-server.html#enable-x11-forwarding">Enable X11-forwarding</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/collaboration/collaboration.html">Documentation guidelines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/collaboration/collaboration.html#contribution-guidelines">Contribution guidelines</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/collaboration/writing-guide.html">Writing guide: Describes the style we use to keep our documents clear and concise.</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/collaboration/structure-formatting.html">Structure and formatting guide: Explains how we organize and format content, using reStructuredText and Sphinx.</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/collaboration/collaboration.html#how-to-contribute">How to contribute</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/collaboration/collaboration.html#contribute-via-github">Contribute via GitHub</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/collaboration/collaboration.html#references">References</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/system-requirements.html">Recommended minimum system requirements</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/system-requirements.html#installer-requirements">Installer requirements</a></li>
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<li>Add kernel modules with DKMS</li>
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<div class="section" id="add-kernel-modules-with-dkms">
<span id="kernel-modules-dkms"></span><h1>Add kernel modules with DKMS</h1>
<p>This guide describes how to add kernel modules with
<abbr title="Dynamic Kernel Module System">DKMS</abbr>.</p>
<div class="contents local topic" id="contents">
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#overview" id="id1">Overview</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#description" id="id2">Description</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#kernel-module-availability" id="id3">Kernel module availability</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-dkms" id="id4">Install DKMS</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#build-install-and-load-an-out-of-tree-module" id="id5">Build, install, and load an out-of-tree module</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples" id="id6">Examples</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#related-topics" id="id7">Related topics</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="overview">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#contents">Overview</a></h2>
<p>Certain kernel modules are enabled by default in Clear Linux* OS. To use additional
kernel modules that are not part of the Linux source tree, you may need to
build out-of-tree kernel modules. Use this guide to add kernel modules with
<abbr title="Dynamic Kernel Module System">DKMS</abbr> or refer to <a class="reference internal" href="kernel-modules.html#kernel-modules"><span class="std std-ref">Add kernel modules manually</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="description">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#contents">Description</a></h2>
<p>Kernel modules are additional pieces of software capable of being inserted
into the Linux kernel to add functionality, such as a hardware driver.
Kernel modules may already be part of the Linux source tree (in-tree) or may
come from an external source, such as directly from a vendor (out-of-tree).</p>
<p><abbr title="Dynamic Kernel Module System">DKMS</abbr> is a framework that facilitates
the building and installation of kernel modules. DKMS allows Clear Linux OS to provide
hooks that automatically rebuild modules against new kernel versions.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="kernel-module-availability">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#contents">Kernel module availability</a></h2>
<p>Clear Linux OS comes with many upstream kernel modules available for use. Using an
existing module is significantly easier to maintain and retains signature
verification of the Clear Linux OS kernel. For more information on Clear Linux OS security
practices, see the <a class="reference internal" href="../clear/security.html#security"><span class="std std-ref">OS Security</span></a> page.</p>
<p>Before continuing, check if the kernel module you’re looking for is already
available in Clear Linux OS or submit a request to add the module.</p>
<div class="section" id="check-if-the-module-is-already-available">
<h3>Check if the module is already available</h3>
<p>You can search for kernel module file names, which end with the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.ko</span></code>
file extension, using the <strong class="command">swupd search</strong> command, as shown in the
following example. See <a class="reference internal" href="../clear/swupd-guide.html#swupd-guide"><span class="std std-ref">swupd</span></a> for more information.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo swupd search <span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">module_name</span><span class="si">}</span>.ko
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="submit-a-request-to-add-the-module">
<h3>Submit a request to add the module</h3>
<p>If the kernel module you need is already open source (for example, in the Linux
upstream) and likely to be useful to others, consider submitting a request to
add or enable it in the Clear Linux OS kernel.</p>
<p>Make enhancement requests to the Clear Linux OS ‘Distribution Project’_ on GitHub.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="install-dkms">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#contents">Install DKMS</a></h2>
<p id="kernel-modules-dkms-install-begin">The <strong class="command">kernel-native-dkms</strong> bundle provides the <strong class="command">dkms</strong> program and
Linux kernel headers, which are required for compiling kernel modules.</p>
<p>The <strong class="command">kernel-native-dkms</strong> bundle also:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Adds a <cite>systemd</cite> update trigger
(<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/lib/systemd/system/dkms-new-kernel.service</span></code>) to automatically
run DKMS to rebuild modules after a kernel upgrade occurs with <a class="reference internal" href="../clear/swupd-guide.html#swupd-guide"><span class="std std-ref">swupd
update</span></a>.</li>
<li>Disables kernel module signature verification by appending a kernel
command-line parameter (<strong class="command">module.sig_unenforce</strong>) from the
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/share/kernel/cmdline.d/clr-ignore-mod-sig.conf</span></code> file.</li>
<li>Adds a notification to the Message of the Day (MOTD) indicating kernel
module signature verification is disabled.</li>
</ul>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p class="last">We recommend that you always review the <strong class="command">swupd update</strong> output
to make sure kernel modules were successfully rebuilt against the new
kernel. This is especially important for systems where a successful boot
relies on a kernel module.</p>
</div>
<p>Install the <strong class="command">kernel-native-dkms</strong> or <strong class="command">kernel-lts-dkms</strong>
bundle:</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first">Determine which kernel variant is running on Clear Linux OS. Only the <em>native</em>
and <em>lts</em> kernels are enabled to build and load out-of-tree kernel modules
with DKMS.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ uname -r
<span class="m">5</span>.XX.YY-ZZZZ.native
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Ensure <em>.native</em> or <em>.lts</em> is in the kernel name.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Install the DKMS bundle corresponding to the installed kernel. Use
<strong class="command">kernel-native-dkms</strong> for the native kernel or
<strong class="command">kernel-lts-dkms</strong> for the lts kernel.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo swupd bundle-add kernel-native-dkms
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>or</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo swupd bundle-add kernel-lts-dkms
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Update the Clear Linux OS bootloader and reboot.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo clr-boot-manager update
reboot
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="build-install-and-load-an-out-of-tree-module">
<span id="kernel-modules-dkms-install-end"></span><h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#contents">Build, install, and load an out-of-tree module</a></h2>
<p>Follow the steps in this section if you are an individual user or testing,
and you need an out-of-tree kernel module that is not available through
Clear Linux OS. For a more scalable and customizable approach, we recommend using
<a class="reference internal" href="../clear/mixer.html#mixer"><span class="std std-ref">mixer</span></a> to provide a custom kernel and updates.</p>
<div class="section" id="prerequisites">
<h3>Prerequisites</h3>
<p>Before you begin, you must:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Disable Secure Boot in UEFI/BIOS. The loading of new out-of-tree modules
modifies the signatures that Secure Boot relies on for trust.</li>
<li>Obtain a kernel module package in the form of source code or
pre-compiled binaries.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="obtain-kernel-module-source">
<h3>Obtain kernel module source</h3>
<p>A required <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms.conf</span></code> file inside of the kernel module’s source code
directory informs DKMS how the kernel module should be compiled.</p>
<p>Kernel modules may come packaged as:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Source code without a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms.conf</span></code> file</li>
<li>Source code with a premade <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms.conf</span></code> file</li>
<li>Source code with a premade <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms.conf</span></code> file and precompiled module
binaries</li>
<li>Precompiled module binaries only (without source code)</li>
</ul>
<p>Of the package types listed above, only precompiled kernel module binaries
will not work, because Clear Linux OS requires kernel modules to be built against the
same kernel source tree before they can be loaded. If you are only able to
obtain source code without a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms.conf</span></code> file, you must manually create
a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms.conf</span></code> file, described later in this document.</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first">Download the kernel module’s source code.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Review the available download options. Some kernel modules provide
separate archives that are specifically enabled for DKMS support.</li>
<li>Review the README documentation, because it often provides required
information to build the module with DKMS support.</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>curl -O http://&lt;URL-TO-KERNEL-MODULE-SOURCE&gt;.tar.gz
tar -xvf &lt;KERNEL-MODULE-SOURCE&gt;.tar.gz
<span class="nb">cd</span> &lt;KERNEL-MODULE-SOURCE&gt;/
cat README
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="build-kernel-module-with-an-existing-dkms-conf">
<h3>Build kernel module with an existing dkms.conf</h3>
<p>If the kernel module maintainer packaged the source archive with the
<strong class="command">dkms mktarball</strong> command, the entire archive can be passed to the
<strong class="command">dkms ldtarball</strong> which completes many steps for you.</p>
<p>The archive contains the required <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms.conf</span></code> file, and may contain
a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms_source_tree</span></code> directory and a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms_binaries_only</span></code>
directory.</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first">Run the <strong class="command">dkms ldtarball</strong> command against the kernel
module archive.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>dkms ldtarball &lt;KERNEL-MODULE-SOURCE_WITH_DKMS&gt;.tar.gz
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong class="command">dkms ldtarball</strong> places the kernel module source under
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/src/&lt;MODULE-NAME&gt;-&lt;MODULE-VERSION&gt;/</span></code>, builds it if necessary,
and adds the module into the DKMS tree.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Verify the kernel module is detected by checking the output of the
<strong class="command">dkms status</strong> command.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>dkms status
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Install the kernel module.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>dkms install -m &lt;MODULE-NAME&gt; -v &lt;MODULE-VERSION&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="build-kernel-module-without-an-existing-dkms-conf">
<h3>Build kernel module without an existing dkms.conf</h3>
<p>If the kernel module source does not contain a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms.conf</span></code> file or the
<strong class="command">dkms ldtarball</strong> command encounters errors, you must manually
create the file.</p>
<p>Review the kernel module README documentation for guidance on what needs to be
in the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms.conf</span></code> file, including special variables that may be
required to build successfully.</p>
<p>Here are some additional resources that can be used for reference:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>DKMS manual page (<strong class="command">man dkms</strong>) shows detailed syntax in the
DKMS.CONF section.</li>
<li>Ubuntu community wiki entry for the <a class="reference external" href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Kernel/DkmsDriverPackage#Configure_DKMS">Kernel DKMS Package</a> shows an example
where a single package contains multiple modules.</li>
<li>Sample <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/dell/dkms/blob/master/sample.conf">dkms.conf</a> file in the GitHub* repository for the DKMS project.</li>
</ul>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last"><strong class="command">AUTOINSTALL=yes</strong> must be set in the dkms.conf for the module to
be automatically recompiled with Clear Linux OS updates.</p>
</div>
<p>The instructions below show a generic example:</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first">Create or modify the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms.conf</span></code> file inside of the extracted source
code directory.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$EDITOR</span> dkms.conf
<span class="nv">MAKE</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;make -C src/ KERNELDIR=/lib/modules/</span><span class="si">${</span><span class="nv">kernelver</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">/build&quot;</span>
<span class="nv">CLEAN</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;make -C src/ clean&quot;</span>
<span class="nv">BUILT_MODULE_NAME</span><span class="o">=</span>custom_module
<span class="nv">BUILT_MODULE_LOCATION</span><span class="o">=</span>src/
<span class="nv">PACKAGE_NAME</span><span class="o">=</span>custom_module
<span class="nv">PACKAGE_VERSION</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span>.0
<span class="nv">DEST_MODULE_LOCATION</span><span class="o">=</span>/kernel/drivers/other
<span class="nv">AUTOINSTALL</span><span class="o">=</span>yes
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This example identifies a kernel module named <em>custom_module</em> with version
<em>1.0</em>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Copy the kernel module source code into the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/src/</span></code> directory.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo mkdir /usr/src/&lt;PACKAGE_NAME&gt;-&lt;PACKAGE_VERSION&gt;
sudo cp -Rv . /usr/src/&lt;PACKAGE_NAME&gt;-&lt;PACKAGE_VERSION&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last"><em>&lt;PACKAGE_NAME&gt;</em> and <em>&lt;PACKAGE_VERSION&gt;</em> must match the entries in the
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms.conf</span></code> file.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Add the kernel module to the DKMS tree so that it is tracked by DKMS.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo dkms add -m &lt;MODULE-NAME&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Build the kernel module using DKMS. If the build encounters errors,
you may need to edit the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dkms.conf</span></code> file.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo dkms build -m &lt;MODULE-NAME&gt; -v &lt;MODULE-VERSION&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Install the kernel module using DKMS.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo dkms install -m &lt;MODULE-NAME&gt; -v &lt;MODULE-VERSION&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="load-kernel-module">
<h3>Load kernel module</h3>
<p>By default, DKMS installs modules “in-tree” under <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/lib/modules</span></code> so the
<strong class="command">modprobe</strong> command can be used to load them.</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first">Load the installed module with the <strong class="command">modprobe</strong> command.</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo modprobe &lt;MODULE-NAME&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Validate the kernel module is loaded.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lsmod <span class="p">|</span> grep &lt;MODULE-NAME&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="examples">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#contents">Examples</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="optional-specify-module-options-and-aliases">
<h3>Optional: Specify module options and aliases</h3>
<p>Use the <strong class="command">modprobe</strong> command to load a module and set options.</p>
<p><strong class="command">modprobe</strong> may add or remove more than one module due to module
interdependencies. You can specify which options to use with individual modules,
by using configuration files under the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/modprobe.d</span></code> directory.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo mkdir /etc/modprobe.d
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>All files underneath the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/modprobe.d</span></code> directory that end with the
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.conf</span></code> extension specify module options to use when loading. You can use
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.conf</span></code> files to create convenient aliases for modules or to override the
normal loading behavior altogether for those with special requirements.</p>
<p>Learn more about <strong class="command">modprobe</strong> on the modprobe.d manual page:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>man modprobe.d
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="optional-configure-kernel-modules-to-load-at-boot">
<h3>Optional: Configure kernel modules to load at boot</h3>
<p>Use the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/modules-load.d</span></code> configuration directory to specify kernel
modules to load automatically at boot.</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo mkdir /etc/modules-load.d
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>All files underneath the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/modules-load.d</span></code> directory that end with
the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.conf</span></code> extension contain a list of module names of aliases (one per
line) to load at boot.</p>
<p>Learn more about module loading in the modules-load.d manual page:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>man modules-load.d
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="related-topics">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#contents">Related topics</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/dell/dkms">Dynamic Kernel Module System (DKMS)</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2004/ols2004v1-pages-187-202.pdf">Dell Linux Engineering Dynamic Kernel Module Support: From Theory to Practice</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6896">Linux Journal: Exploring Dynamic Kernel Module Support</a></li>
</ul>
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