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<section id="stateless">
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<h1>stateless<a class="headerlink" href="#stateless" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<section id="a-guide-to-stateless-configuration-in-clear-linux-os-for-intel-architecture">
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<h2>A guide to stateless configuration in Clear Linux OS for Intel Architecture<a class="headerlink" href="#a-guide-to-stateless-configuration-in-clear-linux-os-for-intel-architecture" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<dl class="field-list simple">
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<dt class="field-odd">Copyright<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd"><p>(C) 2017 Intel Corporation, CC-BY-SA-3.0</p>
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</dd>
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<dt class="field-even">Manual section<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-even"><p>7</p>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<section id="synopsis">
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||
<h3>SYNOPSIS<a class="headerlink" href="#synopsis" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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||
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/</span></code></p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/share/defaults/</span></code></p>
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||
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/share/defaults/etc/</span></code></p>
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||
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/var/</span></code></p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/var/cache/</span></code></p>
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||
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/</span></code></p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/src/</span></code></p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/lib/kernel/</span></code></p>
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<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/lib/modules/</span></code></p>
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</section>
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<section id="description">
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<h3>DESCRIPTION<a class="headerlink" href="#description" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p>The Clear Linux OS for Intel Architecture has a unique way of
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providing customization and configuration to system administrators and
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users. This man page aims to provide both an explanation of what this
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||
method is and how users of Clear Linux can use it and benefit from it.</p>
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||
<p>The goal of “stateless” is to provide a system OS that functions
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||
without user configuration. A system should not require editing of
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||
configuration files by the end user before it is functional, nor should
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||
it place lengthy and confusing configuration files automatically in
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||
user-maintained file system areas (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/</span></code>) by default. And
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||
additionally, any configuration placed in user-maintained configuration
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||
should be removable without breaking functionality.</p>
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||
<p>This is achieved by several methods, each of which implements a part
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||
of the stateless goal.</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>Removal of configuration files</p></li>
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||
</ul>
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||
<p>The first step taken to achieve stateless configuration is to embed
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||
proper default configuration values in the software. Any missing
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||
critical configuration value should have a built-in default value.</p>
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||
<ul class="simple">
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||
<li><p>Providing of default configuration files outside of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/</span></code></p></li>
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||
</ul>
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||
<p>Software is adjusted to use a distribution provided default
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||
configuration file in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/share/defaults</span></code>. If no configuration
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||
file exists in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/</span></code> for the software, the software must use the
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||
distribution default configuration file.</p>
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||
<ul class="simple">
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||
<li><p>Allowing the end user to provide configuration in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/</span></code></p></li>
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</ul>
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||
<p>If the user provides a properly formatted configuration file in
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the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/</span></code> filesystem area (or, wherever it is relevant for the
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||
software), the software is instructed to use this configuration
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||
file instead of any other.</p>
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||
<section id="consequences-for-the-system-administrator-user">
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||
<h4>Consequences for the system administrator (user)<a class="headerlink" href="#consequences-for-the-system-administrator-user" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
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||
<p>The user should create configuration files as needed and avoid
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||
modifying distribution provided defaults. The filesystem folders and
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||
all content under <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/var/</span></code> may be modified as needed, but
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||
the content under <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/lib/</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/lib64/</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/bin/</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/sbin/</span></code> should
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||
never be modified, and will be overwritten by <a class="reference external" href="swupd.1.html">swupd(1)</a> as needed.</p>
|
||
<p>Some default configuration structure and data is automatically created
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||
under <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/var/</span></code>. The user may remove these file system
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||
structures entirely - a reboot of the OS should properly restore the
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||
system to its factory default. This may also provide the user with
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||
a way to repair a defective system configuration.</p>
|
||
<p>The user should, if user configuration of a service is needed,
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||
attempt to place the configuration file in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/</span></code> structure as
|
||
the service requests. Often, template files for the configuration
|
||
format can be found under the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/share/defaults/</span></code> file structure,
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||
and these files can be copied to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/</span></code> file structure.</p>
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||
<p>To modify system service configuration (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">systemd</span></code>(1) service units),
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||
the user should not touch or modify unit files under the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/</span></code>
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||
file structure directly, as changes in those files will be lost after
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a system software update with <a class="reference external" href="swupd.1.html">swupd(1)</a>.</p>
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||
<p>A list of package specific hints and best practices is listed below. In
|
||
many cases, the man pages for the respective packages also provides
|
||
detailed information as to how to configure the software. Please
|
||
consult the relevant manual pages for the software to find information
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||
on the specific syntax and options for each software.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="where-can-i-install-system-wide-files-then">
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||
<h4>Where can I install system-wide files then?<a class="headerlink" href="#where-can-i-install-system-wide-files-then" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
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||
<p><a class="reference external" href="swupd.1.html">swupd(1)</a> has a list of exempted locations where the system
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||
administrator can place files that will not get overwritten or removed
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||
at all. The default whitelisted directories are:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/lib/modules</span></code>
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||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/lib/kernel</span></code>
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local</span></code>
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||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/src</span></code></p>
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||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>Using these locations for your own software is highly recommended. Not
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||
only do these locations provide a standard FHS compliant way of adding
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local software, they are sufficiently separated from OS software that
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||
maintaining them will be much more simple.</p>
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||
</section>
|
||
<section id="ldconfig">
|
||
<h4>ldconfig<a class="headerlink" href="#ldconfig" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ldconfig</span></code>(8)</p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>The default paths that the linker searches includes only <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/lib64</span></code>
|
||
and paths below that. This explicitly omits <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/</span></code>. If you
|
||
compile libraries manually and install them in other paths, you may
|
||
need to configure the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ld.so</span></code>(8) linker to find these before you run
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ldconfig</span></code>. For example:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">echo</span> <span class="pre">"/usr/local/lib"</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">sudo</span> <span class="pre">tee</span> <span class="pre">-a</span> <span class="pre">/etc/ld.so.conf</span></code></p>
|
||
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sudo</span> <span class="pre">ldconfig</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="systemd">
|
||
<h4>systemd<a class="headerlink" href="#systemd" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">systemd</span></code>(1)</p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>Unit files can be created under <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/systemd/system</span></code> as needed and
|
||
function normally. To override unit file options, the simplest method
|
||
is to have <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">systemctl</span></code>(1) copy it for you by invoking it as:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">systemctl</span> <span class="pre">edit</span> <span class="pre">--full</span> <span class="pre">foo.service</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>This creates an exact copy of the default unit file and invokes the
|
||
editor for the user, allowing the user to override any part of the unit.</p>
|
||
<p>Unit files can be started as normal with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">systemctl</span> <span class="pre">start</span> <span class="pre"><unit></span></code>.</p>
|
||
<p>To enable services to start at boot time, use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">systemctl</span> <span class="pre">enable</span> <span class="pre"><unit></span></code>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="sshd">
|
||
<h4>sshd<a class="headerlink" href="#sshd" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sshd</span></code>(8)
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sshd_config</span></code>(5)</p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>The SSH daemon has all of its configuration built in and no template
|
||
configuration file is present on the file system. The man page for
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sshd_config</span></code>(5) explains the format, and it suffices to put only a
|
||
single option in the file</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/ssh/sshd_config</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>For example, to enable X11 forwarding through sshd all one has to do is
|
||
add one line containing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">X11Forwarding</span> <span class="pre">yes</span></code>. Other often used options
|
||
include <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PermitRootLogin</span> <span class="pre">yes</span></code> to allow root ssh login access, and the
|
||
following 3 lines to disable password authentication entirely:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ChallengeResponseAuthentication</span> <span class="pre">no</span></code></p>
|
||
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PasswordAuthentication</span> <span class="pre">no</span></code></p>
|
||
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UsePAM</span> <span class="pre">no</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>To modify the listening port of sshd, one needs to determine whether
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sshd.socket</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sshd.service</span></code> is enabled first, since the methods
|
||
for changing the port number depend on whether <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sshd</span></code>(8) is controlling
|
||
the port number, or whether <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">systemd</span></code>(1) is:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">systemctl</span> <span class="pre">is-enabled</span> <span class="pre">sshd.socket</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>If enabled, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sshd.socket</span></code> unit should be edited to modify the port:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">systemctl</span> <span class="pre">edit</span> <span class="pre">--full</span> <span class="pre">sshd.socket</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>And, the user should modify the port number at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ListenStream=</span></code> to the
|
||
desired new port number.</p>
|
||
<p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sshd.service</span></code> is enabled, the user should create, and edit a new
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/ssh/sshd_config</span></code> file:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkdir</span> <span class="pre">-p</span> <span class="pre">/etc/ssh/</span></code>
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">vi</span> <span class="pre">/etc/ssh/sshd_config</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>And add a line in that file that reads:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Port</span> <span class="pre">10022</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>to, for instance, change the port number sshd.service will listen on
|
||
to port 10022.</p>
|
||
<p>Root login over SSH is disabled by default and should remain disabled
|
||
for most systemd. However, in some cases this is acceptable and it can
|
||
be easily enabled by adding the following line to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/ssh/sshd_config</span></code>
|
||
that reads:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PermitRootLogin</span> <span class="pre">yes</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="nginx">
|
||
<h4>nginx<a class="headerlink" href="#nginx" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<p>Nginx ships by default in a non-functional configuration. However,
|
||
an example configuration file is present that can be used to enable
|
||
a simple server. To use this template configuration, create:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mkdir</span> <span class="pre">-p</span> <span class="pre">/etc/nginx/conf.d</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>And then copy configuration templates over to this folder:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cp</span> <span class="pre">/usr/share/nginx/conf/nginx.conf.example</span> <span class="pre">/etc/nginx/nginx.conf</span></code>
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cp</span> <span class="pre">/usr/share/nginx/conf/server.conf.example</span> <span class="pre">/etc/nginx/conf.d/server.conf</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>Edit the file to assure options such as SSL and PHP are enabled in
|
||
the preferred method. In the default configuration, PHP is enabled
|
||
to run listening to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/run/php-fpm.sock</span></code>. The template file has PHP
|
||
by default disabled, but the listed example lines can be uncommented
|
||
to make the nginx service process php documents.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="php-fpm">
|
||
<h4>php-fpm<a class="headerlink" href="#php-fpm" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">php-fpm</span></code>(8)</p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>Php’s default configuration file doesn’t allow us to provide an
|
||
alternative as it is programmed to only read the builtin file. If you
|
||
wish to have php-fpm use a different configuration, you must pass it a
|
||
startup option to tell it where it is. This can be done by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">systemctl</span>
|
||
<span class="pre">edit</span> <span class="pre">--full</span> <span class="pre">php-fpm.service</span></code>. That command copies the default php-fpm
|
||
service unit to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/systemd/system/</span></code> and allows the user to override
|
||
any option. It spawns an editor with the copy.</p>
|
||
<p>Then, the user should change the line:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ExecStart=/usr/sbin/php-fpm</span> <span class="pre">--nodaemonize</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>to:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ExecStart=/usr/sbin/php-fpm</span> <span class="pre">--nodaemonize</span> <span class="pre">--fpm-config</span> <span class="pre">/etc/php-fpm.conf</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>The template php-fpm.conf can be found at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/share/defaults/php/php-fpm.conf</span></code>.
|
||
One should copy this to a place in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/</span></code>:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cp</span> <span class="pre">/usr/share/defaults/php/php-fpm.conf</span> <span class="pre">/etc/php-fpm.conf</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>Then, the user should edit <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/php-fpm.conf</span></code> and assure that
|
||
configuration options are all properly set as needed.</p>
|
||
<p>Care must be taken using the default <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pool</span></code> configuration. If needed,
|
||
the user should also create <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/php-fpm.d/</span></code> and include pool
|
||
configuration files from either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/share/defaults/php/php-fpm.d/</span></code> or
|
||
copy them and modify them as needed as well, as well as adjust the
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">include</span></code> configuration option in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">php-fpm.conf</span></code> to point to a new
|
||
location for pool configuration files.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="network-interface-management">
|
||
<h4>Network interface management<a class="headerlink" href="#network-interface-management" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<p>Clear Linux has switched the network interface management model to be fully
|
||
managed by NetworkManager when installed on real hardware. Previously, Ethernet
|
||
interfaces were managed by systemd-networkd whereas Wi-Fi and others were
|
||
managed by NetworkManager. Clear Linux cloud images continue to use
|
||
systemd-networkd.</p>
|
||
<p>When updating from previous versions of Clear Linux, the installation will be
|
||
reconfigured to continue with systemd-networkd managing the Ethernet interfaces.
|
||
Since the connectivity could be lost during the procedure, physical access to the
|
||
system is required. To switch to NetworkManager for all the interfaces, the
|
||
user should disable and stop systemd-networkd:</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sudo</span> <span class="pre">systemctl</span> <span class="pre">disable</span> <span class="pre">systemd-networkd</span></code>
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sudo</span> <span class="pre">systemctl</span> <span class="pre">stop</span> <span class="pre">systemd-networkd</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
<p>Then, remove the file <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/systemd-networkd-unmanaged.conf</span></code></p>
|
||
<p>Finally, restart NetworkManager</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sudo</span> <span class="pre">systemctl</span> <span class="pre">restart</span> <span class="pre">NetworkManager</span></code></p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="see-also">
|
||
<h3>SEE ALSO<a class="headerlink" href="#see-also" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="swupd.1.html">swupd(1)</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">systemd</span></code>(1)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://clearlinux.org/documentation/">https://clearlinux.org/documentation/</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://clearlinux.org/features/stateless">https://clearlinux.org/features/stateless</a></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/clearlinux/swupd-client/">https://github.com/clearlinux/swupd-client/</a></p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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<img class="logo" src="../../_static/clearlinux.png" alt="Logo of Clear Linux* Project Docs"/>
|
||
</a></p>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<h3><a href="../../index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">stateless</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-guide-to-stateless-configuration-in-clear-linux-os-for-intel-architecture">A guide to stateless configuration in Clear Linux OS for Intel Architecture</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#synopsis">SYNOPSIS</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#description">DESCRIPTION</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#consequences-for-the-system-administrator-user">Consequences for the system administrator (user)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#where-can-i-install-system-wide-files-then">Where can I install system-wide files then?</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ldconfig">ldconfig</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#systemd">systemd</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sshd">sshd</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#nginx">nginx</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#php-fpm">php-fpm</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#network-interface-management">Network interface management</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#see-also">SEE ALSO</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
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