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<li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Resource limits</a></li>
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<section id="resource-limits">
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<span id="id1"></span><h1>Resource limits<a class="headerlink" href="#resource-limits" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p>Linux systems employ limiting or quota mechanisms to provide quality of
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service for system resources and contain rogue processes.</p>
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<p>These limits are layered at the system-level and user-level. If these limits
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need to be modified, it is useful to understand the different limit
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configurations.</p>
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<nav class="contents local" id="contents">
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#system-wide-limits" id="id2">System-wide limits</a></p>
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<ul>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#checking-limit" id="id3">Checking limit</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#overriding-limit" id="id4">Overriding limit</a></p></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#per-user-limits" id="id5">Per-user limits</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#service-limits" id="id6">Service limits</a></p></li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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<section id="system-wide-limits">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2" role="doc-backlink">System-wide limits</a><a class="headerlink" href="#system-wide-limits" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Some global resource limits are implemented in the Linux kernel and are
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controllable with kernel parameters.</p>
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<p>For example, a global limit for the maximum number of open files is set with
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the <em>fs.file-max</em> parameter. This limit applies to all processes and users an
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cannot be exceeded other limit values.</p>
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<section id="checking-limit">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3" role="doc-backlink">Checking limit</a><a class="headerlink" href="#checking-limit" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p>You can check a current value with <strong class="command">sysctl -n <PARAMETER></strong>. For
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example:</p>
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<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sysctl<span class="w"> </span>-n<span class="w"> </span>fs.file-max
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>This <em>fs.file-max</em> value is set intentionally high on Clear Linux OS systems by
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default. You can check the maximum value supported by the system with:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">cat</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">proc</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">fs</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nb">max</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section id="overriding-limit">
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<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4" role="doc-backlink">Overriding limit</a><a class="headerlink" href="#overriding-limit" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p>You can override a value with <strong class="command">sysctl -w <PARAMETER></strong>. For
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example:</p>
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<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo<span class="w"> </span>sysctl<span class="w"> </span>-w<span class="w"> </span>fs.file-max<span class="o">=</span><NUMBER>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>If needed permanently, the value can be set by creating a
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<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/sysctl.d/*.conf</span></code> file (see <strong class="command">man sysctl.d</strong> for details).
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For example:</p>
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<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo<span class="w"> </span>mkdir<span class="w"> </span>-p<span class="w"> </span>/etc/sysctl.d/
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sudo<span class="w"> </span>tee<span class="w"> </span>/etc/sysctl.d/fs-file-max.conf<span class="w"> </span>><span class="w"> </span>/dev/null<span class="w"> </span><span class="s"><<'EOF'</span>
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<span class="s">fs.file-max=<NUMBER></span>
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<span class="s">EOF</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section id="per-user-limits">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5" role="doc-backlink">Per-user limits</a><a class="headerlink" href="#per-user-limits" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>For processes not managed by systemd, resource limits can be set for PAM
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logins on a per-user basis with upper and lower limits in the
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<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/security/limits.conf</span></code> file.</p>
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<p>You can set temporary values and check the current values with the
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<strong class="command">ulimit</strong> command. For example, to change the soft limit of maximum
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number of open file descriptors for the current user:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">ulimit</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">S</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">NUMBER</span><span class="o">></span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>See <strong class="command">man limits.conf</strong> for details.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="service-limits">
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<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6" role="doc-backlink">Service limits</a><a class="headerlink" href="#service-limits" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Resource limits for services started with systemd units do not follow normal
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user limits because the process is started in a separate <a class="reference external" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cgroup-v2.txt">Linux control group
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(cgroup)</a> Linux
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cgroups associate related process groups and provide resource accounting.</p>
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<p>Resource limits for individual systemd services can be controlled inside their
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unit files or its configuration drop-in directory with the resource Limit
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directives. See <a class="reference external" href="https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.exec.html">process properties section of the systemd.exec man page</a>.</p>
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<p>Resource limits for all systemd services can be controlled with a file in the
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<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/systemd/system.conf.d/</span></code> directory. For example, to have no
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restriction on the number of open files:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">mkdir</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">etc</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">systemd</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">/</span>
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<span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">tee</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">etc</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">systemd</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">nfiles</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conf</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">null</span> <span class="o"><<</span><span class="s1">'EOF'</span>
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<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Manager</span><span class="p">]</span>
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<span class="n">DefaultLimitNOFILE</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">infinity</span>
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<span class="n">EOF</span>
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</pre></div>
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<h3><a href="../../index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Resource limits</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#system-wide-limits">System-wide limits</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#checking-limit">Checking limit</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#overriding-limit">Overriding limit</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#per-user-limits">Per-user limits</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#service-limits">Service limits</a></li>
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